Planty Phylogeny

PLANTS OF WILDWOOD PARK -- A PHYLOGENETIC LISTING

Ever since Carl Linnaeus started naming plants in the 1700's scientists have been grouping them into genera, families and larger groups. This study is called taxonomy. With Charles Darwin's insight that all organisms are related by the process of biological evolution, scientists have tried to make their taxonomy show the evolutionary relationships between plants, or the phylogeny of the plants. For most of the centuries since Linnaeus scientists have had only the shapes and structures of plants, especially the flowers, to inform their taxonomic hypotheses. In the last few decades, however, scientists have been able to look directly at the DNA, or genetic information that tells the plant how to build its leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. Comparing the DNA provides more powerful information about the relatiionships between plants. In most cases the DNA evidence has supported the taxonomy based on structure, but sometimes it has shown that these classifications were incorrect. A common, if greatly exaggerated lament among students of natural history today is that all the names and relationships we learned have been changed.

The index below lists the plants of Wildwood Park in phylogenetic order, which reflects the evolutionary relationships between them. This index is based on current understanding, and may change in the future. The family assignments, as well as the scientific names are based on The Plant List maintained by the Kew and Missouri Botanical Gardens. The overall classification is based primarily on the classification of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, a committee of botanists charged with reaching agreement on the broad relationships between plants. It is probably already out of date as new evidence has led to modification of the consensus. This page will be of particular interest and usefulness to students of botany, but it is hoped that others will find it of interest as well.

When descriptive pages are available for the plants, they are linked to the scientific name. The families below are not always the same as the families currently used on the plants' descriptive pages, which were assigned based on the information at hand when the pages were written. Eventually discrepancies will be fixed, we hope.

VIRIDIPLANTAE -- GREEN PLANTS

CHLOROPHYTA -- ONE-CELLED & COLONIAL ALGAE

Common in the Park, but poorly studied.

STREPTOPHYTA -- MULTICELLULAR PLANTS

CHAROPHYTA -- Stoneworts

	Characeae Stonewort Family
		Chara communis, Common Stonewort

HEPATOPHYTA -- Liverworts

	Conocephalaceae Snake Liverwort Family
		Conocephalum conicum, Scented or Snake Liverwort
	Jubulaceae Hollywort Family
		Frullania eboracensis, New York Scalewort
	Porellaceae Wall Scalewort Family
		Porella platyphylloidea, American Wall Scalewort

BRYOPHYTA -- Mosses

	Amblystegiaceae Thread Moss Family
		Hygroamblystegium varium, Tangled Thread Moss
	Bryaceae Bryum Family
		Rhodobryum ontariense, Rose Moss
	Mniaceae Thyme Moss Family
		Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Woodsy Thyme Moss
	Orthotrichaceae Bristle Moss Family
		Orthotrichum ohioense, Ohio Bristle Moss
	Polytrichaceae Hair Cap Moss Family
		Atrichum angustatum, Slender Starburst Moss
	Pottiaceae Pottia Family
		Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Tufa Moss
	Many others in the Park, but poorly studied.

VASCULAR PLANTS -- Plants with water-conducting tissues

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

PTEROPHYTA -- Ferns

Aspleniaceae Spleenwort Family
	Asplenium platyneuron, Ebony Spleenwort Asplenium rhizophyllum, Walking Fern Asplenium ruta-muraria, Wall Rue
Cystopteridaceae Wood Fern Family
	Cystopteris bulbifera, Common Bulblet Fern
Dryopteridaceae Wood Fern Family
	Dryopteris marginalis, Marginal or Evergreen Wood Fern Polystichum acrostichoides, Christmas Fern
Equisetaceae Horsetail Family
	Equisetum hyemale, Common Scouring Rush
Ophioglossaceae Adder's Tongue Fern Family
	Botrychium dissectum, Cutleaf Grapefern Botrychium virginianum, Rattlesnake Fern
Pteridaceae Brake Fern Family
	Adiantum pedatum, Maidenhair Fern Pellaea glabella, Smooth Cliffbrake

SEED PLANTS

CONIFEROPHYTA -- Conifers

Cupressaceae Cypress Family
	Juniperus virginiana, Red Cedar
Pinaceae Pine Family
	Pinus echinata, Shortleaf Pine Pinus strobus, White Pine Pinus taeda, Loblolly Pine Pinus virginiana, Virginia Pine

ANTHOPHYTA -- Flowering Plants

MAGNOLIIDS -- The earliest major branch of flowering plants

Lauraceae Laurel Family
	Lindera benzoin, Spicebush Sassafras albidum, Sassafras
Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family
	Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip-Poplar Magnolia acuminata, Cucumber Tree
Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family
	Asarum canadense, Wild Ginger Hexastylis arifolia , Heartleaf, Wild Ginger

MONOCOTS

BASAL MONOCOTS

Alismataceae Water Plantain Family
	Alisma subcordatum, Small Water Plaintain
Araceae Aroid Family
	Arisaema triphyllum, Jack-in-the-Pulpit

LILIOIDS

Dioscoreaceae Yam Family
	Dioscorea polystachya, Cinnamon Vine, Chinese Yam Dioscorea villosa, Wild Yam
Liliaceae Lily Family
	Chionodoxa forbesii, Glory-of-the-Snow Erythronium americanum, Yellow Trout Lily Prosartes lanuginosa (Disporum lanuginosum), Yellow Mandarin, Fairy Bells
Xanthorrhoeaceae Grasstree Family
	Hemerocallis fulva, Orange Day Lily Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus (H. flava), Yellow Day Lily
Asparagaceae Asparagus Family
	Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus Convallaria majalis, Lily-of-the-Valley Maianthemum racemosum (Smilacina racemosa), False Solomon's Seal Ornithogalum umbellatum, Star-of-Bethlehem Polygonatum biflorum, Smooth Solomon’s Seal Uvularia grandiflora, Large-flowered Bellwort Uvularia perfoliata, Perfoliate Bellwort
Hypoxidaceae Stargrass Family
	Hypoxis hirsuta, Yellow Stargrass
Melanthiaceae Bunchflower Family
	Trillium grandiflorum, Large-flowered Trillium
Amaryllidacaceae Amaryllis Family
	Allium canadense, Wild Onion or Field Garlic Allium cernuum, Nodding Onion Allium vineale, Wild Garlic Narcissus poeticus, Poet's Narcissus Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Daffodil
Smilacaceae Greenbrier Family
	Smilax herbacea, Carrion Flower Smilax rotundifolia, Common Greenbrier Smilax tamnoides, Catbrier or Bristly Greenbrier
Iridaceae Iris Family
	Iris pseudacorus, Yellow Iris Sisyrinchium atlanticum, Eastern Blue-eyed Grass
Orchidaceae Orchid Family
	Aplectrum hyemale, Puttyroot or Adam-and-Eve Goodyera pubescens, Downy Rattlesnake Plantain Liparis liliifolia, Lily-Leaved Twayblade Spiranthes gracilis, Slender Ladies-Tresses

COMMELINIDS

Commelinaceae Dayflower Family
	Commelina communis, Asiatic Dayflower Tradescantia ohiensis, Ohio Spiderwort
Cyperaceae Sedge Family
	Carex albursina, White Bear Sedge Carex blanda, Eastern Woodland Sedge Carex digitalis, Slender Wood Sedge Carex granularis, Limestone Meadow Sedge Carex hirsutella, Hairy Sedge Carex hystericina, Bottlebrush Sedge Carex juniperorum , Juniper Sedge Carex lurida, Yellow-Green Sedge Carex oligocarpa, Richwoods Sedge Carex pensylvanicus, Pensylvania Sedge Carex rosea, Curly-Styled Wood Sedge Carex vulpinoidea, Fox Sedge Carex willdenovii, Willdenow’s Sedge Cyperus esculentus, Yellow Nutsedge Cyperus flavescens, Yellow Flatsedge Cyperus lancastriensis, Many-flowered Flatsedge Cyperus strigosus, Straw-Colored Flatsedge Eleocharis compressa, Flatstem Spikerush Eleocharis erythropoda, Bald Spikerush Eleocharis tenuis, Slender Spikerush Scirpus atrovirens, Green Bulrush Scirpus pendulus, Red or Nodding Bulrush
Juncaceae Rush Family
	Juncus brachycephalus, Small-Head Rush Juncus dudleyi, Dudley’s Rush Juncus effusus, Common Rush Juncus inflexus, Blue Rush Juncus secundus, Secund Rush
Poaceae Grass Family
	Agrostis gigantea, Redtop Andropogon gerardii, Big Bluestem Andropogon virginicus, Broomsedge Anthoxanthum odoratum, Sweet Vernal Grass Arthraxon hispidus, Small Carpgrass Bouteloua curtipendula, Sideoats Grama Bromus pubescens, Hairy Woodland Brome Grass Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda Grass Dactylis glomerata , Orchard Grass Danthonia spicata, Poverty Oatgrass Dichanthelium clandestinum (Panicum clandestinum), Deertongue Digitaria ischaemum, Smooth Crabgrass Digitaria sanguinalis, Crabgrass Echinochloa crus-galli, Barnyard Grass Eleusine indica, Goose Grass Elymus riparius, Riverbank Wild Rye Elymus hystrix (Hystrix patula), Bottlebrush Grass Eragrostis pectinacea, Lovegrass Festuca ovina , Sheep Fescue Festuca subverticillata, Nodding Fescue Glyceria striata, Fowl Manna Grass Hordeum vulgare, Common Barley Leersia oryzoides, Rice Cutgrass Leersia virginica, White Grass Microstegium vimineum, Nepalese Browntop or Japanese Stiltgrass Muhlenbergia frondosa, Common Satin Grass Muhlenbergia schreberi, Nimblewill Muhlenbergia sobolifera, Rock Muhly Muhlenbergia sylvatica, Woodland Muhly or Woodland Satin Grass Muhlenbergia tenuiflora, Slender Satin Grass Panicum acuminatum, Tufted Panic Grass Panicum anceps, Flatstem Panic Grass Panicum boscii, Bosc's Panic Grass Panicum capillare, Witch Grass Panicum dichotomiflorum, Fall Panic Grass Panicum flexile, Fall Witch Grass Panicum linearifolium, Linear-Leaved Panic Grass Phleum pratense, Timothy Poa compressa, Canada Bluegrass Poa trivialis, Rough Bluegrass Schizachyrium scoparium, Little Bluestem Setaria faberi, Nodding Foxtail Setaria pumila, Yellow Foxtail Sorghastrum nutans, Indian Grass Sorghum halepense, Johnson Grass Sporobolus vaginiflorus, Sheathed Dropseed Tridens flavus, Purpletop
Typhaceae, Cattail Family
	Typha latifolia, Cattail

EUDICOTS

BASAL EUDICOTS

Berberidaceae Barberry Family
	Berberis bealei, Beale's Barberry Berberis canadensis, American Barberry Berberis thunbergii, Japanese Barberry Caulophyllum thalictroides, Blue Cohosh Podophyllum peltatum, Mayapple
Menispermaceae Moonseed Family
	Menispermum canadense, Canada Moonseed
Papaveraceae Poppy Family
	Corydalis flavula, Yellow Corydalis Dicentra cucullaria, Dutchman’s Breeches Sanguinaria canadensis, Bloodroot
Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family
	Anemone quinquefolia, Wood Anemone Anemone virginiana, Thimbleweed Aquilegia canadensis, Canada Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris, Garden Columbine Cimicifuga racemosa, Black Cohosh Clematis viorna, Leather Flower Clematis virginiana, Virgin's Bower Delphinium exaltatum, Tall Larkspur Delphinium tricorne, Dwarf Larkspur Hepatica acutiloba, Sharp-lobed Hepatica Hepatica americana, Round-lobed Hepatica Ranunculus abortivus, Small-Flowered or Kidney-Leaf Crowfoot Ranunculus acris, Tall Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus, Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus, Hooked Crowfoot Ranunculus repens, Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus septentrionalis, Swamp Buttercup Thalictrum dioicum, Early Meadow Rue Thalictrum revolutum, Waxy Meadow Rue Thalictrum thalictroides, Rue Anemone
Platanaceae Sycamore Family
	Platanus occidentalis, Sycamore

CORE EUDICOTS

Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family
	Chenopodium album, Lamb’s Quarters
Caryophyllaceae Pink Family
	Cerastium arvense, Field Chickweed Cerastium fontanum (C. vulgatum), Mouse-Ear Chickweed Dianthus armeria, Deptford Pink Saponaria officinalis, Bouncing Bet Silene latifolia (Lychnis alba), White Campion Stellaria media, Common Chickweed Stellaria pubera, Star Chickweed
Phytolaccaceae Pokeweed Family
	Phytolacca americana, Pokeweed
Polygonaceae Buckwheat Family
	Fallopia scandens (Polygonum scandens), Climbing False Buckwheat Persicaria hydropiperoides (Polygonum hydropiperoides), Mild Water Pepper Persicaria maculosa (Polygonum persicaria), Lady’s Thumb Persicaria virginianum (Tovara virginianum), Virginia Knotweed Rumex acetosella, Red or Sheep Sorrel Rumex crispus, Curled Dock Rumex obtusifolius, Bitter or Broad-Leaved Dock
Portulacaceae Purslane Family
	Claytonia virginica, Spring Beauty
Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family
	Sedum ternatum, Wild Stonecrop
	Telephium telephioides, (Sedum telephioides) Allegheny Stonecrop, Allegheny Live-Forever
Grossulariaceae Gooseberry Family
	Ribes sp., Gooseberry
Hamamelidaceae Witch Hazel Family
	Hamamelis virginiana, Witch-Hazel
Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family
	Heuchera americana, Alumroot Mitella diphylla, Miterwort Tiarella cordifolia, Foam Flower

ROSIDS

Basal Rosids

Vitaceae, Grape Family
	Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia Creeper Vitis aestivalis, Summer Grape
Geraniaceae, Geranium Family
	Erodium cicutarium , Redstem storksbill or Redstem filaree Geranium carolinianum, Carolina cranesbill Geranium columbinum, Long-stalked cranesbill Geranium maculatum, Wild Geranium Geranium molle, Dovefoot Geranium Geranium pusillum , Small geranium or Small-flowered cranesbill
Lythraceae, Loosestrife Family
	Cuphea viscosissima, Blue Waxweed or Clammy Cuphea
Onagraceae, Evening Primrose Family
	Circaea canadensis, Enchanter's Nightshade Epilobium coloratum, Purpleleaf Willowherb Gaura biennis, Biennial Gaura Oenothera biennis, Common Evening Primrose

Eurosids I

Celastraceae, Bittersweet Family
	Celastrus orbiculatus, Asiatic or Oriental Bittersweet Euonymus alatus, Winged Spindle Tree
Cucurbitaceae, Squash Family
	Sicyos angulatus, One-seeded Bur-Cucumber
Fabaceae, Pea Family
	Albizia julibrissin, Mimosa or Silk Tree Amorpha fruticosa, Indigo Bush Amphicarpa bracteata, Hog Peanut Cercis canadensis, Redbud Chamaecrista nictitans, Wild Sensitve Plant Coronilla varia, Crown Vetch Desmodium glutinosum, Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil Desmodium perplexum, Perplexing Tick Trefoil Gleditsia triacanthos, Honey Locust Kummerowia striata (Lespedeza striata), Japanese Clover Lathyrus latifolius, Everlasting Pea Lespedeza cuneata, Chinese Bush Clover Lespedeza procumbens, Trailing Bush Clover Medicago lupulina, Black Medick Melilotus albus, White Sweet Clover Melilotus officinalis, Yellow Sweet Clover Robinia pseudoacacia, Black locust Senna hebecarpa, Wild Senna Trifolium arvense, Rabbit-Foot Clover Trifolium campestre, Low Hop Clover Trifolium incarnatum, Crimson clover Trifolium pratense, Red Clover Trifolium repens, White Clover Vicia angustifolia, Narrow-Leaved Vetch Vicia caroliniana, Carolina Vetch Vicia sativa var. nigra, Common Vetch
Polygalaceae, Milkwort Family
	Polygala senega, Seneca Snakeroot
Betulaceae, Birch Family
	Carpinus caroliniana, Ironwood, American Hornbeam or Blue Beech Corylus americana, American Hazelnut Ostrya virginiana, Hornbeam, Hop Hornbeam or Ironwood
Fagaceae, Beech Family
	Quercus alba, White Oak Quercus coccinea, Scarlet Oak Quercus muehlenbergii, Yellow Chestnut Oak or Chinquapin Oak Quercus prinus, Chestnut Oak Quercus rubra, Red Oak Quercus stellata, Post Oak
Juglandaceae, Walnut Family
	Carya cordiformis, Bitternut Hickory Carya ovata, Shagbark Hickory Juglans cinerea, Butternut or White Walnut Juglans nigra, Black Walnut
Elaeagnaceae, Autumn Olive Family
	Elaeagnus umbellata, Autumn Olive
Moraceae, Mulberry Family
	Maclura pomifera, Osage Orange Morus rubra, Red Mulberry
Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn Family
	Ceanothus americanus, New Jersey Tea Rhamnus lanceolata, Lanceleaf Buckthorn
Rosaceae, Rose Family
	Agrimonia gryposepala, Agrimony Agrimonia parviflora, Small-Flowered Agrimony Amelanchier canadensis, Shadblow or Canada Serviceberry Chaenomeles japonica, Japanese Quince Crataegus sp., Hawthorn Duchesnea indica, Mock Strawberry Fragaria virginiana, Wild Strawberry Geum canadense, White Avens Malus pumila, Apple Physocarpus opulifolius, Common Ninebark Porteranthus trifoliatus, Bowman’s Root Potentilla canadensis, Canada or Dwarf Cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica, Rough or Norwegian Cinquefoil Potentilla recta, Sulfur Cinquefoil Potentilla simplex, Common Cinquefoil Prunus avium, Sweet Cherry Prunus serotina, Black Cherry Rhodotypos scandens, Jetbead Rosa x, Hybrid or Cultivated Rose Rosa carolina, Carolina Rose Rosa multiflora, Multiflora Rose Rubus allegheniensis, Common Blackberry Rubus flagellaris, Northern Dewberry Rubus occidentalis, Black Raspberry Rubus phoenicolasius, Wineberry
Ulmaceae, Elm Family
	Celtis occidentalis, American Hackberry Ulmus pumila, Siberian Elm Ulmus rubra, Slippery Elm
Urticaceae, Nettle Family
	Boehmeria cylindrica, False Nettle Laportea canadensis, Wood Nettle Pilea pumila, Clearweed Urtica dioica, Stinging Nettle
Euphorbiaceae, Spurge Family
	Acalypha virginica, Virginia Copperleaf Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea, Three-Seeded Mercury Chamaesyce nutans, Eyebane or Nodding Spurge Euphorbia commutata, Woodland Spurge Euphorbia corollata, Flowering Spurge Euphorbia cyparissias, Cypress Spurge Euphorbia lathyris, Mole Plant
Hypericaceae, St. John's Wort Family
	Hypericum perforatum, Common St. Johnswort Hypericum prolificum, Shrubby St. Johnswort Hypericum punctatum, Spotted St. Johnswort
Passifloraceae, Passionflower Family
	Passiflora lutea, Yellow Passionflower
Salicaceae, Willow Family
	Populus alba, White Poplar Salix nigra, Black Willow
Violaceae, Violet Family
	Hybanthus concolor, Green Violet Viola hastata, Halberd-leaved Yellow Violet Viola pubescens, Downy Yellow Violet Viola rafinesquii, Wild Pansy Viola sororia, Common Blue Violet Viola striata, Pale Violet Viola triloba, Three-Lobed Violet
Oxalidaceae, Sorrel Family
	Oxalis grandis, Great Wood Sorrel Oxalis stricta, Common Oxalis or Yellow Wood Sorrel

Eurosids II

Brassicaceae, Mustard Family
	Arabis laevigata, Smooth Rockcress Alliaria officinalis, Garlic Mustard Barbarea vulgaris, Common Winter Cress Capsella bursa-pastoris, Shepherd’s Purse Cardamine hirsuta, Hairy Bitter Cress Dentaria laciniata, Cutleaf Toothwort Hesperis matronalis, Dame’s Rocket Lepidium campestre, Field Peppergrass Lunaria annua, Honesty Nasturtium officinale, Watercress Rorippa sylvestris, Creeping Yellow Cress
Malvaceae, Mallow Family
	Hibiscus syriacus, Rose-of-Sharon Malva neglecta, Common Mallow Sida spinosa, Prickly Mallow Tilia americana, American Basswood
Anacardiaceae, Sumac Family
	Rhus aromatica, Fragrant sumac Rhus typhina, Staghorn Sumac Toxicodendron radicans, Poison Ivy
Rutaceae, Citrus Family
	Ptelea trifoliata, Hoptree
Sapindaceae, Soapberry Family
	Acer campestre, Hedge Maple Acer negundo, Boxelder Acer rubrum, Red Maple Acer saccharinum, Silver Maple Acer saccharum, Sugar Maple Aesculus flava (A. octandra), Sweet Buckeye
Simaroubaceae, Tree of Heaven Family
	Ailanthus altissima, Tree-of-Heaven
Staphyleaceae, Bladdernut Family
	Staphylea trifolia, Bladdernut

ASTERIDS

Basal Asterids

Cornaceae, Dogwood Family
	Cornus alternifolia, Alternate-leaved Dogwood Cornus amomum, Silky Dogwood Cornus florida, Flowering Dogwood Cornus kousa, Kousa Dogwood
Hydrangeaceae, Hydrangea Family
	Hydrangea arborescens, Wild Hydrangea
Balsaminaceae, Impatiens Family
	Impatiens capensis, Spotted Jewelweed or Spotted Touch-Me-Not Impatiens pallida , Pale Jewelweed or Pale Touch-Me-Not
Ebenaceae, Ebony Family
	Diospyros virginiana, Persimmon
Ericaceae, Heath Family
	Chimaphila maculata, Striped or Spotted Wintergreen Monotropa uniflora, Indian Pipe Rhododendron hybrid, Big-Flowered Rhododendron
Polemoniaceae, Phlox Family
	Gilia capitata, Bluehead Gilia or Queen Anne's Thimbles Phlox ovata, Mountain Phlox
Primulaceae, Primrose Family
	Anagallis arvensis, Scarlet Pimpernel Lysimachia ciliata, Fringed Loosestrife Lysimachia nummularia, Moneywort Lysimachia quadrifolia, Whorled Loosestrife

Euasterids I

Boraginaceae, Borage Family
	Cynoglossum virginianum, Wild Comfrey Echium vulgare, Viper’s Bugloss Hackelia virginiana, Virginia Stickseed Hydrophyllum virginianum, Virginia Waterleaf Lithospermum canescens, Hoary Puccoon Myosotis arvensis, Field Forget-Me-Not
Apocynaceae, Dogbane Family
	Apocynum cannabinum, Hemp Dogbane Asclepias incarnata, Swamp Milkweed Asclepias quadrifolia, Four-leaved Milkweed Asclepias syriaca, Common Milkweed Asclepias tuberosa, Butterfly Weed Asclepias verticillata, Whorled Milkweed Asclepias viridiflora, Green Milkweed Matelea obliqua, Climbing Milkvine Vinca minor, Periwinkle
Gentianaceae, Gentian Family
	Gentianella quinquefolia, Stiff Gentian Sabatia angularis, Rose Pink or Bitterbloom
Rubiaceae, Madder Family
	Diodia teres, Poorjoe Galium aparine, Cleavers Galium asprellum, Rough Bedstraw Galium circaezans, Wild Licorice Galium verum, Yellow Bedstraw Houstonia caerulea, Common Bluets Houstonia tenuifolia, Narrow-Leaved Houstonia Mitchella repens, Partridge Berry
Acanthaceae, Acanthus Family
	Ruellia strepens, Wild Petunia
Bignoniaceae, Trumpet Creeper Family
	Campsis radicans, Trumpet Creeper
Lamiaceae, Mint Family
	Clerodendrum trichotomum, Harlequin Glorybower Clinopodium vulgare, Wild Basil Collinsonia canadensis, Horse Balm Glechoma hederacea, Ground Ivy, Gill-Over-The-Ground Lamium amplexicaule , Henbit Lamium purpureum, Purple Dead Nettle Leonurus cardiaca, Motherwort Lycopus americanus, Water Horehound Lycopus uniflorus, Northern Bugleweed Mentha spicata, Spearmint Mentha X piperita, Peppermint Monarda clinopodia, Basil Balm Monarda didyma, Bee Balm Monarda fistulosa, Wild Bergamot Monarda media, Purple Bergamot Nepeta cataria, Catnip Nepeta racemosa (N. mussinii), Catmint Prunella vulgaris, Heal-All or Self-Heal Pycnanthemum incanum, Hoary Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Narrow-Leaved Mountain Mint Salvia lyrata, Lyre-Leaved Sage Scutellaria elliptica, Hairy Skullcap Scutellaria nervosa, Veined Skullcap Scutellaria parvula (S. leonardii), Small Skullcap Scutellaria serrata, Showy Skullcap Stachys tenuifolia, Common Hedge Nettle Teucrium canadense, American Germander Trichostema brachiata (Isanthus brachiatus), False Pennyroyal
Oleaceae, Olive Family
	Chionanthus virginicus, Fringe Tree Fraxinus americana, White Ash Ligustrum vulgare, Privet
Orobanchaceae, Paintbrush Family
	Aureolaria laevigata (Gerardia laevigata), Entire-Leaved False Foxglove Orobanche uniflora, One-Flowered Cancerroot
Paulowniaceae, Princess Tree Family
	Paulownia tomentosa, Princess Tree
Phyrymaceae, Lopseed Family
	Mimulus ringens, Monkey Flower Phryma leptostachya, Lopseed
Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family
	Linaria vulgaris, Yellow Toadflax Plantago lanceolata, English Plantain Plantago major, Broad-Leaved Plantain Plantago rugelii, Black-Seeded Plantain Plantago virginica, Dwarf Plaintain Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Water Speedwell Veronica hederifolia, Ivy-Leaved Speedwell Veronica officinalis, Common Speedwell Veronica persica, Persian Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia, Thyme-Leaved Speedwell
Scrophulariaceae, Figwort Family
	Buddleja davidii, Orange Eye Butterflybush Scrophularia marilandica, Carpenter’s Square Verbascum blattaria, Moth Mullein Verbascum thapsus, Common Mullein
Verbenaceae. Vervain Family
	Verbena urticifolia, White Vervain
Convolvulaceae, Morning Glory Family
	Calystegia spithamaea, Upright Bindweed Calystegia sepia (Convolvulus sepium), Hedge Bindweed Cuscuta gronovii, Common Dodder Ipomoea hederacea, Ivy-Leaved Morning Glory Ipomoea lacunosa, Small White Morning Glory Ipomoea pandurata, Wild Potato Vine Ipomoea purpurea, Common Morning Glory
Solanaceae, Nightshade Family
	Datura stramonium, Jimson Weed Physalis heterophylla, Clammy Ground Cherry Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata, Smooth Ground Cherry Solanum carolinense, Horse Nettle Solanum dulcamara, Bittersweet Nightshade Solanum ptycanthum (S. nigrum), Black Nightshade

Euasterids II

Aquifoliaceae, Holly Family
	Ilex verticillata, Winterberry Holly Ilex opaca, American Holly
Apiaceae, Celery Family
	Aegopodium podagraria, Bishop's Goutweed Carum carvi, Caraway Conium maculatum, Poison Hemlock Cryptotaenia canadensis, Honewort Daucus carota, Queen-Anne’s-Lace Ligusticum canadense, Canada Lovage Osmorhiza longistylis, Aniseroot Oxypolis rigidior, Cowbane Sanicula canadensis, Canada Snakeroot Sanicula marilandica, Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata, Clustered Snakeroot Taenidia integerrima, Yellow Pimpernel Zizia aptera, Heart-Leaved Alexanders Zizia aurea, Golden Alexanders
Araliaceeae, English Ivy Family
	Hedera hibernica, Irish, Atlantic or English Ivy
Asteraceae, Sunflower Flower
	Achillea millefolium, Yarrow Ageratina altissima (Eupatorium rugosum), White Snakeroot Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Common Ragweed Ambrosia trifida, Giant Ragweed Antennaria plantaginifolia, Pussy-toes Arctium minus, Common Burdock Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (Cacalia atriplicifolia), Pale Indian Plantain Artemisia vulgaris, Mugwort Bidens bipinnata, Spanish Needles Bidens cernua, Nodding Bur-marigold Bidens frondosa, Devil’s Beggartick Brickellia eupatorioides (Kuhnia eupatorioides), False Boneset Carduus nutans, Nodding Thistle Centaurea cyaneus, Bachelor's-Button or Cornflower Centaurea maculosa, Spotted Knapweed Centaurea nigrescens, Tyrol or Short-Fringed Knapweed Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Leucanthemum vulgare), Oxeye Daisy Chrysogonum virginianum, Green-and-Gold or Goldenstar Cichorium intybus, Chicory Cirsium arvense, Canada Thistle Cirsium discolor, Field Thistle Cirsium vulgare, Bull Thistle Conoclinium coelestinum (Eupatorium coelestinum), Blue Mistflower Conyza canadensis, Horseweed Coreopsis lanceolata, Lanceleaf Coreopsis Coreopsis major, Greater Coreopsis Crepis capillaris, Smooth Hawksbeard Erechtites hieracifolia, Fireweed Erigeron annuus, Annual Fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus, Common Fleabane Erigeron pulchellus, Robin's Plantain Erigeron strigosus, Daisy Fleabane Eupatorium fistulosum, Joe-Pye Weed or Trumpetweed Eupatorium perfoliatum, Boneset Eupatorium purpureum, Sweet-Scented Joe-Pye Weed Eupatorium serotinum, Late-flowering Thoroughwort, or Late Boneset Eupatorium sessilifolium, Upland Boneset, Upland Thoroughwort Eurybia divaricata (Aster divaricatus), White Wood Aster Eurybia schreberi (Aster schreberi), Schreber's Aster Galinsoga parviflora, Quickweed or Gallant Soldier Helenium autumnale, Sneezeweed Helianthus hirsutus, Thin-Leaved Sunflower Helianthus microcephalus, Small Wood Sunflower Helianthus strumosus, Paleleaf Woodland Sunflower Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem Artichoke Heliopsis helianthoides, Oxeye or False Sunflower Hieracium caespitosum (H. pratense), Field Hawkweed Hieracium pilosella, Mouse Ear Hawkweed Hypochoeris radicata (Hyopchaeris radicata), Cat's Ear Lactuca canadensis, Wild lettuce Lactuca serriola (L. scariola), Prickly Lettuce Lapsana communis, Nipplewort Leontondon autumnalis, Autumn Dandelion Liatris spicata, Blazing Star or Gayfeather Packera aurea (Senecio aureus), Golden Ragwort Packera plattensis (Senecio plattensis), Appalachian Ragwort Polymnia canadensis, Small-flowered leafcup Prenanthes altissima, Tall White Lettuce Prenanthes trifoliata, Tall Rattlesnake Root Rudbeckia fulgida, Shining Coneflower Rudbeckia hirta, Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia laciniata, Green-headed Coneflower Rudbeckia triloba, Thin-Leaved Coneflower Silphium perfoliatum, Cup Plant Silphium trifoliatum, Whorled Rosinweed Senecio vulgaris, Common groundsel Solidago altissima, Tall Goldenrod Solidago arguta, Sharp-Leaved Goldenrod Solidago bicolor, Silverrod Solidago flexicaulis, Broad-leaved Goldenrod Solidago rugosa, Rough-Stemmed Goldenrod Solidago speciosa, Showy Goldenrod Solidago sphacelata, Autumn or False Goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia, Elm-leaved Goldenrod Sonchus arvensis, Field Sow Thistle Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Aster cordifolius), Heart-leaved Aster Symphyotrichum laeve (Aster laevis), Smooth Aster Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Aster simplex), Panicled Aster Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Aster lateriflorus), Calico Aster Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Aster lowrieanus), Lowry's Aster Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (Aster novae-angliae), New England Aster Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (Aster novi-belgii), New York Aster Symphyotrichum pilosum (Aster pilosus), Heath Aster Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Aster prenanthoides), Crooked-Stem Aster Symphyotrichum puniceum (Aster puniceus), Purple-Stemmed Aster Symphyotrichum undulatum (Aster undulatus), Wavy-leaved Aster Taraxacum officinale, Common Dandelion Tragopogon pratensis, Yellow Goatsbeard Tussilago farfara, Coltsfoot Verbesina alternifolia (Actinomeris alternifolia), Wingstem Verbesina occidentalis, Yellow Crownbeard Vernonia noveboracensis, New York Ironweed Xanthium strumarium, Cocklebur
Campanulaceae, Bellflower Family
	Campanula americana, Tall Bellflower Campanula rapunculoides, Creeping Bellflower Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal Flower Lobelia inflata, Indian Tobacco Lobelia siphilitica, Great Lobelia Lobelia spicata, Spiked Lobelia Triodanis perfoliata (Specularia perfoliata), Venus' Looking-Glass
Adoxaceae, Elderberry Family
	Sambucus canadensis, Common Elderberry Viburnum plicatum, Doublefile Viburnum Viburnum prunifolium, Smooth Blackhaw Viburnum rhytidophyllum, Leatherleaf Viburnum
Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle Family
	Lonicera x bella, Bella Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica, Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera maackii, Amur Honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii, Morrow Honeysuckle Valerianella locusta, European Corn Salad
Dipsacaceae, Teasel Family
	Dipsacus fullonum, Teasel

last updated 24 February 2022

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